Developing Effective Decision Models Essay examples

Week 2 Page 1 Decision Models – Problem Categorization LDSP: 6720 – Developing Effective Decision Models June 14, 2010 Week 2 Page 2 There are a number of different problem solving methods, techniques and styles, and the purpose of this paper is to explore some of those differences. One can apply a systematic approach to problem solving, an emotional approach or an intuitive or ‘gut feel’ approach. Further, there are procedures and formulas to follow or, one can just pontificate the variables and use a philosophical slant which involves perspectives such as â€Å"In order to fully understand the answer, one must more fully understand the question† (Chinese proverb, author unknown).†¦show more content†¦It is this writers’ contention that satisfying solutions are similar to a compromise, in which ones primary needs are met but perhaps the secondary or peripheral wants are not fully realized. In contrast, a win-win may be that collaborative solution in which the needs and wants Week 2 Page 3 of both parties are fully attained. This approach has been proposed by a number of researchers; however the Thomas-Kilmann (1974) assessment seems to be the most prevalent. A win-win (or collaborative) tactic may require a thought process that engages extra or additional criteria, characteristics, options, behaviors or variables that were not originally included in the problem. It is similar to enlarging the pie (Fisher, Ury Patton, 1991), instead of just cutting the pie up given the existing size. In adding to the pie, the problem solver and participants enjoy the luxury of an expanded set of resources, ideas or possible solutions heretofore not available. The best analogy this author has come upon is the concept of two circles that intersect with about ten percent of each circle overlapping the other. Each party has their ninety percent to themselves, but their other ten percent overlaps the other party, which in essence gives them twenty percent. Hence, the one hundred percent pie can become a one hundred and ten percent pie, giving each side an additional ten percent.Show MoreRelatedDeveloping Effective Decision Models1692 Words   |  7 PagesWee k 6 Page 1 Decision Models – Problem Analysis LDSP: 6720 – Developing Effective Decision Models July12, 2010 Week 2 Page 2 There are a number of different problem solving methods, techniques and styles, and the purpose of this paper is to review the analysis portion as it relates to the case study assigned to this week. Further, this paper will provide a critique to the solution of the case study problem which will include three distinctRead MoreDecision Making : An Essential Skill Of A Productive And Successful Manager1089 Words   |  5 PagesDecision-making is an essential skill of a productive and successful manager as it has direct impact on the organization and team. Decision-making is the process of ‘selecting an alternative from among choices that are accessible.’ There are three main models of decision-making, these include rational, intuition and bounded rationality model. These provide an effective option of dealing with decision-making, and also helps to build support for the final decision and active commitment to that decisionsRead MoreInformation Decision Making1339 Words   |  6 PagesCMI LEVEL 5 DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP (5D1) Assignment 5 Unit 5006 C5009 Project development and control Unit 5002 Information based decision making Andor Kovacs CMI no: 4205133 Assignment 5_Submission1 AEA group Assignment Requirements 5002.....................................................................................4 Learning Outcome 1: Be able to identify and select sources of data and information .....................................................................Read MoreDecision Making Model882 Words   |  4 PagesRUNNING HEAD: DECISION MAKING MODEL Decision Making Model MGT 350 University of Phoenix Abstract Decision making models can be very effective in problem solving. Scheduling is a big problem at Direct HomeHealth Care and a solution needed to be found. Scheduling software which can be very expensive was the only conclusion that could be reached. With much thought and analysis a resolution was reached with critical thought and a decision making model from the Small Business DevelopmentRead More Decision Making Model Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesDecision Making Model Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decision making models can be very effective in problem solving. Scheduling is a big problem at Direct HomeHealth Care and a solution needed to be found. Scheduling software which can be very expensive was the only conclusion that could be reached. With much thought and analysis a resolution was reached with critical thought and a decision making model from the Small Business Development Center. Decision making models can be very helpful in analyzingRead MoreReporting Studying senior social science subjects was the most influential factor which provided a1600 Words   |  7 Pagesaptitude and expectations of stability and contentment of studying and working in psychology that had led me to such a determined decision. Relating Previously when I was exploring my abilities and career opportunities, I have made an important decision for my career which was to exclude music from my possible career options. There were two main reasons for the decision: (1) my musical talent, skills and abilities did not reach the expectations set by myself and others to pursue music as a professionRead MoreThe Leadership Journey Of Ronda Harlan1535 Words   |  7 Pagesprogram helped Ronda to evaluate human behavior within organizations to understand ethical practices, effective leadership, organizational communication, and cogent decision-making principles. 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Culture and Sexual Behaviors Free Essays

Indeed, an obvious common trait of every being, insects, animals, and peoples, comes from their need for reproduction. On the lesser beings, the need for reproduction is based on the security of their species and on increasing their population for food and territorial accumulation. People on the other hand, aside for survivability, see reproduction as an opportunity for fulfilling sexual desires. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Sexual Behaviors or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, sexual activity is enforced not only by instinct but by other factors such as intimacy and social engagement. Also, sexual behavior is where human families are formed and defined[1]. Culture has contributed on the differences of sexual behaviors of humanity. Because of the diversity of native or local beliefs, traditions, practices, and arts among people of different nationality, sexual behaviors differ across nations. Also, religious affiliation and moral convictions affect these differences. In this essay we will discuss culture and religion and their development by region and give specific examples by country. Also, the essay will seek to describe and define sexual behaviors with regards to psychological studies. Sexual behavior is a term which describes human activities concerning their interaction with an homosexual or hetersexual partner. Sexual activities primarily start on attraction by an individual and the efforts done in order to attract the other person. It is followed by interactions and conversations which later reveal their compatibility and satisfy their preferences. Social contact or the actual love-making then occurs. The process may happen in a short period of time in liberal societies, usually in places where people are open minded on the concept of â€Å"one night stands.† In conservative areas, however, sexual behavior may follow strictly the tradition of courting which may take a very long time. One major sexual behavior issue concerns sexual transmitted diseases (STD’s). Transmitted through sexual activities, these diseases requires the attention of health workers and the awareness of the public. Also, another issue is pre-marital sex or literally engaging in sexual activities outside of marriage. This sexual activity is criticized mainly by religious sectors who value the sanctity of marriage and reproduction, most vocal is the catholic church. Other important issues are rape, child pornography, and unwanted pregnancy. Culture is considered to be the mental programming of societies which differentiates them from another [2]. Cultures primarily have three elements: systems of meaning, ways of social organization, and unique group features and product[3]. It implies a society’s set of norms, behaviors, practices, beliefs, and moral considerations. On these, it is proper to say that culture defines how and what people conceive and act. These factors are however changed by people due to their exposure to other cultures. The differences between cultures are caused mainly by the area’s native and historical formation. However, cultures are influenced mainly by religious dominance or teachings accepted in the area. Large portions of a sociey’s norms and values come from religious teachings. Religion affects one’s convictions and moral considerations, which also defines individual actual preferences. The western culture is considered to be the most dominant due to its rich and early development and the capacity of its people to employ their cultural activities in many places through efficient means. Also, it is enforced by great western thinkers and intellectuals who have contributed in the formation of human activities and knowledge. Included are Aristotle, John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Karl Marx, and Martin Luther. Western culture originated in ancient Greece, the founder of freedom and democracy. There the formation of free human thought and will came to the conception of many through the great teachers like Socrates and Plato. It grew larger together with the expansion of the Roman Empire in Europe leaving large amount of influence to its new found territories. Its development goes with the stages of intellectual formation in the west, including the renaissance, scientific revolution, the period of enlightenment, the American revolution, the industrial revolution, and today’s modern and advanced society[4]. Individualism and the pursuit of knowledge and practical results characterize western culture[5]. These then explains the active, open-minded, and experimenting characteristics of westerners. The Asian culture is the collective term for the system of thought and action for the continent of Asia. The area however is subdivided into different relative nations or regions based on their geographical and historical relationships. Included in this regions are the central, east, south(Indian subcontinent), north, southwest, and southeast asia. These subregions usually share a common history and heritage, with beliefs extended by religious dominance. Also, many parts of Asia have been colonized by western countries thus having characteristics of western culture. Compared to western beliefs, Asians give large amount of importance to hierarchy, politeness, and conservatism. Traditions are followed strictly in many places not yet influenced by the west. Also, the non-material pursuit dominates Asian beliefs due to the extensive influence of Buddhism. [1]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tom W. Smith. American Sexual Behavior: Trends, Socio-Demographic Differences, and Risk Behavior [Digital Library] Available from http://cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/dlib/t-25.htm [2]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Silvia Ubillos, Darà ­o Paez and Josà © Luis Gonzà ¡lez. â€Å"Culture and sexual behavior† Psicothema 2000. Vol. 12, Supl., pp. 70-82 [ Digital Book] [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peg Collins, Dr. Richard Law, and Eric Miraglia. â€Å"What is Culture† [website] accessed from http://www.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules/top_culture/culture-index.html [4]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Western Culture Global. â€Å"What is Western Culture.† [Internet Article] Accessed from http://www.westerncultureglobal.org/what-is-western-culture.html#1a [5]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr James Ng. Characteristics of Chinese culture and aspects of health care [internet article] accessed from http://www.stevenyoung.co.nz/The-Chinese-in-New-Zealand/History-of-Chinese-in-NewZealand/Characteristics-of-Chinese-culture-and-aspects-of-health-care.html How to cite Culture and Sexual Behaviors, Papers

Global Insitutions free essay sample

Global institutions dominate media productions, these institutions sell their products and services to a global audience. How far do you agree with this statement? I have been studying the current state of the music Industry, predominantly looking at the Independent music label Warp but also comparing and contrasting Its methods and successes with the major four record labels: Sony BMW, universal, MME and Warner Music Group. I think it would be foolish to argue against this statement; from my examination of the music industry I have discovered that the major four record labels control Just ender 75% of the music industry between them, leaving little room for independent label such as Warp to compete against them. These four labels have the oligopoly when it comes to production, promotion and sales of the music industry, their profit margins are huge and this allows them to Invest heavily back into the Industry this also allows them to market their biggest artists globally, whereas Independent companies Like Warp predominantly promote their artist nationally. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Insitutions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, just because I agree that a global giant like Sony does sell its products and revise to a global audience does not mean that small independent companies cannot reach a global audience they Just cannot compete on the same scale. Sony is an example of both a horizontally and vertically integrated company; it is horizontally integrated because it owns companies that are responsible for the many processes that a record goes through from the production stages, the distribution of the record and the exhibition platforms needed for consumption.Sony can also be described as a vertically Integrated company because . But being such a large magnetometer, and having so many finger In so many pleas allows Sony to make vast amounts of money and by using their own subsidiary or sister companies allows them to save money and push out smaller companies competing in the same field. Warp are an example of a horizontally integrated company. When the label was first established in Sheffield in 1 989 the founders brought an established record shop called Fond, selling experimental dance music to a niche local audience.In the back of the shop was a studio and the means of producing the music it sold. By combining he two processes in the one place allowed for a saving to be made in distribution costs and provided a guaranteed exhibition site and a ready made audience. The label have remained Independent for over twenty years and have made changes in their business strategy In order to compete with a company like Sony. In the late sasss Warp relocated to London the heart of Britains music Industry, where Sony and universal all have offices.This allowed them to sign artists that werent Just localized to a Northern audience. In recent years, Warp have also set up a second them to a wider audience. As previously mentioned, Warp cannot make the same financial investments into promotion for their artists, and instead find other ways to reach both national and global audiences. The internet is the biggest and most powerful tool that they have at their disposal for this.The World Wide Web is a phenomenal and revolutionary Invention of the 21st Century in connecting people across the globe. It doesnt matter if your are a musical conglomerate or an independent label every company can set up a web site dedicated to the promotion and exhibition of their artists that can reach a consumers from all over the world. The difference being that because Warp have to rely more heavily upon visitors to their site in order for them to purchase their products their website is more appealing to audiences.Sonnys website is bland and provides more of an informative basis for its artists whereas Warps homepage is colorful, inviting and user friendly. It uses synergy and signposting to direct you to the artists personal websites as well as Backbone and Namespace pages in order to connect you with the bands of your preference. Obviously, bands and artists signed to Sony also have their own websites and social networking sites, but audiences are ore likely to seek them out directly rather than be signposted by the record labels homepage.An artist who is signed to Sony BMW is more likely to have received vast amounts of funding, a minimum album deal and guaranteed chart success from the moment they sign their contract; take the winners from X Factor as examples, their prize is a ?500,000 record deal with Sony BMW, they all receive huge amounts of promotion and elaborate marketing campaigns, and all winners (apart from Joe McElroy) went on to have the Christmas number one in the UK charts due to the nature of the dominant USIA giant that is Sony!And the promotion doesnt end in the I-J acts like Leona Lewis and Alexandra Burke have gone on to have phenomenal success across the pond in the United States and also in Europe. Acts signed to Warp cant expect to receive the same level of promotion and therefore the internet is vital to their promotional and exhibition efforts. Nard are more than Just a record label; in 2002 they branched out and begun to experiment in the film industry; and through their Warp Film company have produced some hit British Films, (with the financial backing of Film Four and the UK Film Council). Notable successes are This is England and Four Lions. Shame Meadows film This is England was produced on a budget of El . 5 million pounds a far cry from the investment made into films associated with Universal Film Studios (a sister company of Universal Music). Despite limited release of the film across I-J cinemas and a lack of promotion prior to release the film was a massive success. Its release onto DVD has earned the film over E million in return profit. The film was not only released in the UK but was also a surprise success in the United States too.Proving once again that its not only the well established and wealthy studios such as Paramount and twentieth Century Fox than can make films that can be international In conclusion; whilst I agree fully with the statement that global institutions dominate both the music and film markets and have the ability to distribute their products and services globally we are not quite in the position where these conglomerate have completely monopolized the industry leaving no room for independent companies like Warp to compete and also sell their products to a global audience.

Unemployment in the US Essay Example For Students

Unemployment in the US Essay I chose these indicators because all are something that ordinary people deal with every day. All of us have control over our own spending and how far into debt we go. If we are not making the salary we want then we are free to look for a new job or an additional job. There is also the possibility of going back to school to raise your educational level in order to get a better job. This may, of course, put us deeper into debt. We are in debt as a country, and as individuals, but with the economy as strong as it is people have no qualms about going deeper into debt. There are increases in delinquency rates on consumer loans, record numbers of bankruptcy filings, and an increasing share of income devoted to paying interest on debt. These are signs that some households are becoming overextended. In this paper I discuss bankruptcy, consumer credit, inherited wealth and the difference in the way some generations handle debt. Personal income, installment debt and unemployment are coincident or lagging economic indicators or both. By many measures the US economy is very healthy, but increasing consumer debt and personal bankruptcies raise concerns about the future. We will write a custom essay on Unemployment in the US specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Credit card debt is higher than ever, and personal bankruptcies soared in 1995 and 1996 (Silverman 1997). Over 10% of Americans are expected to declare bankruptcy during the 1990s unless the trend changes, and there is no longer public scorn for those who file bankruptcy (Darlin 1997). Consumer credit remains readily available despite rising bankruptcies. This trend is attributed to a credit-friendly social policy which requires credit to be extended without discrimination. Furthermore, easy credit is needed to allow consumers to buy goods. The lending business also remains lucrative. To manage risks, financial institutions resort to diversification and risk shifting. The cost of bankruptcy is also incorporated in the cost of credit (Lykins and Plankenhorn 1996). The post baby-boom group known as Generation X is accumulating a great deal of debt, mostly through credit cards. The average credit card balance of households headed by someone under 25 nearly doubled from 1990 to 1995. There seems to be little desire among these people to live within their means (Shenk 1997). However, young people who can establish good credit will reap numerous benefits. A good credit record can provide young consumers with access to financing, thus enabling them to make purchases that they otherwise would not be able to make. In addition, good credit can enhance young people=s chances of getting good jobs. Borrowers who pay on time and in full may be able to convince potential employers that they are responsible and can manage their own finances (Shafer 1997). However, missed payments on bank credit card debt reached a new high of 2.13% of outstanding credit card debt in the 4th quarter of 1997. The American Bankers Association reported a decline in the percentage of accounts more than 30 days overdue during the quarter, although there was a rise in the percentage of loaned dollars delinquent. Consumer debt represents about 20.6% of disposable income (Kingson-Bloom 1998). The debt-service ratio can be used as an accurate predictor of future consumer spending growth or a source for explaining aggregate consumer spending. Furthermore, the ratio of debt service to income, if analyzed together with other economic indicators, will reveal future income growth. This ratio analysis is beneficial to financial service institutions as through this, they can determine debt payment capacities of clients (Murphy 1998). On the whole the Generation Xers have a gloom and doom attitude towards money, and maybe with good reason. .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .postImageUrl , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:hover , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:visited , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:active { border:0!important; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:active , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Underlying Themes in the Works of James A Michener Essay Social security will probably be out of money by the time they reach retirement age and most feel that they will never be out of debt, so they live life as such. Money conflicts in relationships are reflective of society=s growing insecurity about its financial future. America is turning into a fatalistic culture. This negativity is based on economic conditions that contradict the once prevalent belief of never-ending prosperity. The United States= stalled economy, mind boggling national debt, and the prospect of the collapse of the Social Security system have left many Americans terrified about their ability to make ends .

Personal Reflective Report Regarding Work Behaviour Social Work Essay Essays

Personal Reflective Report Regarding Work Behaviour Social Work Essay Essays Personal Reflective Report Regarding Work Behaviour Social Work Essay Essay Personal Reflective Report Regarding Work Behaviour Social Work Essay Essay since we were friends from before, joined together to discourse the ongoing job and the solutions to it. We formulated a scheme to normalise the state of affairs calm the tenseness in the group. We came up the proposition that a member from each bomber group keeping onto different sentiments should show his thoughts ( as a consequence, the thoughts shared by the bomber group he or she belonged to ) in forepart of the full group. Each presentation must incorporate a tabular array sketching the pros and cons of the attack recommended by the presenter based on a set of standards ( such as timeframe, quality of the work, truth of the information, relevancy of the gathered information, handiness of resources, handiness of the members etc. ) . Members would so take part in a inquiry and reply session which will purely concentrate on the constructive unfavorable judgment of the discussed methods. At the terminal of this session, bal lots will be taken to find the method to be followed by the group which is besides selected by the penchant of its members. We have applied this method for declaration of struggles on constructs or techniques all along the procedure of the group work. Interpersonal communicating has besides been another issue in the group. As the group consisted of members from different genders, nationalities, backgrounds, races, faiths, ethnicities, the communicating spread became even more intense. Skills of pass oning in English varied widely across the group. This affected the communicating within the group the most. Rather than a strong point to capitalise on, communicating became a challenge for us. Group meetings were flawed by a batch of misinterpretations. Conversations and conferences over the phone became longer and yet unproductive. Planing for the work and following up with the predating attempt seemed to be a great trial for the group. In instance we had made two stairss in front, the following twenty-four hours we were three stairss behind. Members could non synchronise in the group and synergism looked like a distant world. In add-on to this myriad of jobs, the group kineticss were affected adversely by jobs of the members of the group ( including myself ) sing work, personal life and diversion. We resolved this job and found out that all it needed was a small cooperation from the members backed up by the gifts of modern engineering. First of wholly, we called in a meeting and discussed and found out that the job can non be resolved if the members do nt step frontward to assist their co-workers with their communicating jobs. We realized that members with communicating jobs need aid from the other members in the group and we all agreed to supply them with that aid. Then we identified the Scopess that engineering ( e-mails, instant messaging services, societal web services, text messages ) offered us in order to better the communicating procedure and at the same clip, decide the work life jobs of the members. We agreed on a few issues on that meeting. Each of the members would have presentments via electronic mails. Every mail related to the study has to be forwarded to everyone in the group. Electronic mails will besides be used to direct the members with the work completed by each fraction of the group or the persons for follow up and reexamine. We besides created a group on Windows Live Messenger TM service for working on this undertaking and keeping and take parting in meetings online. This scheme enables us to keep group meetings online and offer the members with a great trade of flexibleness. Better apprehensions could besides be derived from these on-line meetings as the participant could utilize texts besides voice chat options on the instant messaging ( IM ) service. After working on the undertaking for a month, we recognized that making a group on a societal networking service would supply with greater chances to work, better communicating options and acquire us assist from our friends, household and good wishers outside the group. We opened a group on Facebook, the biggest societal networking web site in the universe for this intent and invited our friends, household and assoc iates to that group. We received huge response from the people and a batch of aid placing the beginnings of information for the undertaking, finding the focal point of the study and in some instance expert aid excessively. The group enabled us to post notices, update treatment subjects and invite people to prosecute in arguments on the group s wall and station links to utile resources online, including web sites, online databases, new wires, libraries, communities and multimedia. Lessons for future undertakings I have identified and illustrated a set of cardinal lessons from my experience from this study. They are as follows: A group can non work efficaciously without a leader. A group leader must be selected by the first hebdomad since a group starts working on a undertaking. There must a structured process for the members to show their thoughts. This process must besides let the other members to show their comments constructively in context of the undertaking. In some instances, compromising is a better option that keeping on to the rule. Collection of informations and information requires a systematic attack. It besides requires proper deputation among the members of the group and can non bring forth consequences without accomplishing synergism. Invention is a must in group work. Decision The experience that I gained from working with my group in the Annual Management Report 2010 is a valuable 1. This will assist me to work in my hereafter group undertakings with more coherency, greater efficiency and superior schemes. This chance has besides trained me to cover with state of affairss in clip of crisis and helped me a batch to recognize the demand for synergism while working in a group.

Learning to Write Chinese Characters by Hand

Learning to Write Chinese Characters by Hand Learning to write Chinese characters is one of the most difficult aspects of learning Mandarin Chinese. There are thousands of different characters, and the only way to learn them is by memorization and constant practice. In this digital age, it’s possible to use a computer to write Chinese characters, but learning how to write Chinese characters by hand is the best way to gain a thorough understanding of each character. Computer Input Anyone who knows Pinyin can use a computer to write Chinese characters. The problem with this is that pinyin spellings can represent many different characters. Unless you know exactly which character you need, you will likely make mistakes when using the computer to write Chinese characters. A good knowledge of Chinese characters is the only way to write Chinese correctly, and the best way to gain knowledge of Chinese characters is by learning to write them by hand. Radicals Chinese characters may seem incomprehensible to anyone who doesn’t know the language, but there is a method to constructing them. Each character is based on one of 214 radicals -   the basic elements of the Chinese writing system. Radicals form the building blocks of Chinese characters. Some radicals can be used as both building blocks and independent characters, but others are never used independently. Stroke Order All Chinese characters consist of strokes which should be written in a specific order. Learning the stroke order is an important part of learning to write Chinese characters. The number of strokes is used to classify Chinese characters in dictionaries, so an added benefit of learning strokes is being able to use Chinese dictionaries. The basic rules for stroke order are: left to right and top to bottomhorizontal before verticalhorizontal and vertical strokes which pass over other strokesdiagonals (right-to-left and then left-to-right)center verticals and then outside diagonalsoutside strokes before inside stokesleft verticals before enclosing strokesbottom enclosing strokesdots and minor strokes You can see an example of stroke order in the illustration at the top of this page. Learning Aids Workbooks designed for writing practice are widely available in Chinese-speaking countries, and you may be able to find them in cities with a large Chinese community. These workbooks usually illustrate a character with the proper stroke order and provide lined boxes for writing practice. They are intended for school children  but are useful for anyone learning to write Chinese characters. If you can’t find a practice book like this, you can download this Microsoft Word file and print it out. Books There a several books about writing Chinese characters. One of the better ones is Keys to Chinese Character Writing (English).

Financing Organizational Technology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financing Organizational Technology - Coursework Example In this ever changing global business scenario, for a company to stay ahead of its competitors, there is a need to think out of the box, think slightly outside of the monetary profit that the company would get, and look objectively at what the company stands to gain or lose from their outsourcing decisions. FINANCING ORGANIZATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IT OUTSOURCING IN TODAY’S WORLD In today’s highly competitive business management scenario, outsourcing is the most effective way to decrease costs and overheads for more time-consuming and man hour depleting tasks for most companies. IT services such as call center services and e-mail are the tasks that are most commonly outsourced by companies. The main benefit of outsourcing is the fact that to most companies, outsourcing is a lot cheaper for them, because the companies they contract are dedicated to this task, so they charge less than what the companies might have to spend in order for them to do the tasks themselves. Also, it allows the company to focus its efforts and man power towards other objectives and problems that are more important. The management does not have to waste time on such menial tasks, and can turn their heads to more significant problems (Innes, Liu, Miller, 2008). Now people usually just look at the direct financial indicators involved in outsourcing, which is undoubtedly the single most important factor which needs to be taken into account. However, when it comes to IT, only the financial indicators do not give a complete or the most accurate picture of the investment or consequences of outsourcing (RivardNah & Aubert, 2008). Globalization and the ever changing technological scenario of the world has changed the way business is carried out. Core business processes are no longer looked upon as the sole responsibility of the owner. The management of the companies no longer distinguishes between core and non-core business processes, but views them as dispensable components that they ca n either focus on themselves, or outsource to external partners. In order for a company to reach a decision as to whether it is going to outsource a certain task, there are some criteria against which the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing to that company are evaluated (Innes, Liu, Miller, 2008). The main points include: 1. Profitability 2. Capital Structure of the Company 3. Debt Measures of the Company These are some of the main points an organization must keep in mind before outsourcing it’s tasks. The company must also keep in mind the aspects of the organization that it is contracting for the outsourcing, which include: 1. Sales Achievements 2. Performance 3. Quality of Service 4. Responsiveness 5. Competence 6. Reliability 7. Satisfaction As can be seen above, profitability heads the list of criteria against which the outsourcing decision is to be judged. The most obvious financial benefit is the fact that the outsourcing would cost less money for the company a s compared to doing the work internally, thereby resulting in an increase in profits. Since the personnel cost of the IT department decreases, the cost of goods sold would also decrease (IBM Corp, 2008). However, profitability refers to not just the visible financial benefit that the company would get from outsourcing, but also that the company will be able to reduce the costs in

Warranting Theory in Actio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Warranting Theory in Actio - Assignment Example This information found in social sites. Other people who know you better send comments and statements describing you which you can not change. These cues make communication understandable and enhance the creation of relationships among people. They are normally positive and one can clearly know and believe the content (Potter, 2007). It includes use of positive cues and sentences must be complete to enhance clarity. In my aunt’s face book profile for instance, her close friend commented that she is pretty. This has instances of less or no non verbal cues, incomplete use of sentences and words, spelling errors and improper English or language. One barely understands what the other person means because the communication becomes unclear, more manipulated and less believable. The processing of information becomes somehow or totally impaired (Potter, 2007).My aunt for instance send me this comment in my face book account, ‘I love reading.’ Reading is a hobby which she attributes it to self and I know she is not a passion of it. This information is therefore untrue. The first student described his profile to have low warrant which is not true. He sent a picture of my three friends and me in an Oregon Ducks game. The picture portrays us being in sports and funs of the Oregon Duck which does not apply to all of us. The warrant in this case is a high one (Potter, 2007). This shown by posting his personal information including his name, school information, his birthday and where he came from (Potter, 2007). However the information about his schooling and where he comes from is untrue. The warrant identified by this student makes sense. The similarities between his warrant and the one I discussed above is that of unreal information which can easily be manipulated. The second student posses a high warrant. He posted his profile, birthday, place of birth and the school where he

Animal Crueltys Effect to Society Essay Example for Free

Animal Crueltys Effect to Society Essay People often think that animals are just unconscious creatures that don’t care about their daily lives. But they are actually just like us, they are living breathing creatures with simple lives and priorities. They prioritize more important things like, food, shelter and caring for their young and not like unimportant things like what they’re going to wear, who’ll look better and the like. But since we are the dominant species, then we are the ones who are supposed to help them when they are in need and care for them if they need medical care. But sometimes people just underestimate them and abuse them for fun, money , scientific experiments, etc. But they don’t see that they’re actually causing harm to them and to the society, they just think that they’re only here for food and entertainment. But that’s where they’re wrong, they’re actually the ones that should be the dominant species since they’re here first and we’re the ones that are supposed to help them know more about the world. So we should also help while they’re alive so we’ll have more use to them and we should spend our lives, sharing the world with them and not trying to wipe them out of the face of the earth. Some people say, â€Å"We help them, they help us. † That is true because if you’re kind enough to them then they’ll help you when you’re in trouble but some people misunderstood that, they think that we should help them by feeding them and they should help us by letting us kill them for profit. But that’s not how it should be, we should treat them as our own, help them as if they’re humans. Because without them, then we wouldn’t exist right now because all life begins from animals from the sea and they evolved to be available to be on land until they evolved to turn into us. Also if some animals disappeared from existence, it may have some chaotic results If the bees, butterflies, bats and other animals that can pollinate disappear then plants will not bear flowers, other plants might get extinct and lower the oxygen from our planet. If frogs, lizards, chameleons and the like disappeared then flies, locusts and possibly mosquitoes would be everywhere causing food contamination, damaged crops, dengue fever and more catastrophic things. But in some cases when animals attack people, they still shouldn’t kill them because it’s just in their instinct to attack if hey feel threatened or if their territory has been crossed. But people could still defend theirselves by tranquilizing them and sending them for check up after because in some instances they are sick and confused which causes them to attack. Sometimes they might not understand us but we should also learn understand them. Animals help humans, humans must also help animals. You can tell a lot about a person by the way they treat animals. If you treat them nicely then people would know that you can do the same to other people. But if you treat them violently then that means you have the ability to harm or kill people. Anyone who has accustomed himself to regard the life of any living creature as worthless is in danger of arriving also at the idea of worthless human lives, wrote humanitarian Dr. Albert Schweitzer. And according to Robert K. Ressler, who developed profiles of serial killers for the FBI, Murderers †¦ very often start out by killing and torturing animals as kids. This proves some murderers start out as an animal abuser which then would make them curious on if killing animals is just as â€Å"fun† as killing people. Animal cruelty is not just caused by the abusers’ curiosity, it’s also a symptom of a mental disturbance. Some researches in psychology and criminology shows that people who commit animal cruelty rarely stop there, many of them later moves on to abusing or killing their fellow humans. Most of the records of the FBI shows a history of animal cruelty to many murderers and other criminals. There was a study in Northeastern University and the SPCA of the Massachusetts(USA) which shows that people who commit animal cruelty are five times more likely commit violent crimes against humans. The majority of the inmates at San Quentin penitinary who are sentenced to be executed for committing murder, â€Å"practiced† their crimes on animals before committing their crimes according to the warden. Some people who are cruel to animals are also cruel to children and their family. People who often neglect the needs of their pets often also neglect their children’s needs. Animal abuse is also an important indicator of child abuse, sometimes when children witness their parents abusing animals they can get influenced by their parents to do so too because of reacting to anger and frustration. Their violence might be directed at the only individuals in the family who are more vulnerable than they are: animal companions. One expert says, Children in violent homes are characterized by †¦ frequently participating in pecking-order battering, in which they might maim or kill an animal. Childhood cruelty to animals is indeed in the history of domestic violence. But in some cases animal cruelty is often discovered before the child abuse because it is more obvious to the neighbours that often hear the cries and howls of the animals because children are often threatened not to scream by their parents or else they’ll get hurt even more. Because of that, animal control agents which are possibly called by the neighbours are allowed to go into the house to investigate and then later possibly see the children with their scars and bruises which leads to being reported to social workers. This means that both the most vulnerable creatures in the house (the children and the pets) are abused by the adults. This proves that discrimination is present in the house. Some organizations such as the Baltimore police, The New Jersey Coalition of Battered Women and The Guelph Humane Society(Canada) work with animal control. Working with other agencies is called Cross Reporting which helps solve multiple cases. A study shows that 40% of battered women delayed seeking refuge from their abuser if their animal companion is included. This could possibly mean that the animals are also being abused along with the women since they find comfort from each other. These studies have led to a collaboration among social services and government agencies to develop a program for foster care of those animals. There are currently 100 programs in the US. Violence begins early specially for boys, some adults consider their children’s abusive behaviour to animal to the saying that â€Å"Boys will be boys. † Children who abuse animals should be treated with special care or else it might lead to a horrible way of life. Animal cruelty also proves the fact that most people don’t think before they do stuff because they don’t think of the consequences of their actions. Everyone should treat animals, children and women fairly because we are all here to help each other on going through our daily lives. People should stop discrimination and learn how to live peacefully together.

Expatriate Management :: essays research papers

Many companies deal with expatriate executives/personnel in a variety of ways. In determining an expatriate there is no right or wrong way. The difference is determined by how the company is trying to meet their goals. The selection process for an expatriate varies significantly from one company to another. When a company has entered the international/global market, it is vital for that company to decide upon which method to use for determining their expatriate executive/personnel. The two methods available are outsourcing and promoting internally. This paper will focus upon promoting internally. Both outsourcing and promoting internally have their advantages and disadvantages. When trying to decide between outsourcing or promoting internally the company should consider these questions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you looked at the cost of administering this function in house versus outsourcing? (Cook, 1999, p.177) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you done some preliminary recruiting to see if experienced HR staff with expatriate experience are available? What are the going salaries for these professionals? (Cook, 1999, p.177) 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Will performing the daily administrative details of the expatriate function consume an inordinate amount of time, even if you have experienced staff? (Cook, 1999, p.177) 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do fluctuations in the company’s expatriate population make it difficult to maintain appropriate levels of HR staff assigned to get employees overseas, maintain them, and bring them home? (Cook, 1999, p.177) 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you identified the specific expatriate activities you would want to outsource and which ones you might effectively maintain in-house? (Cook, 1999, p.177) 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you discussed the pros and cons of outsourcing these services with other HR professionals or COs who are doing it now in order to get a better understanding of the issues? (Cook, 1999, p.177) 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you know all of the compensation and benefits issues you face in each country where you plan to do business? (Cook, 1999, p.177) Cook (1999, p.177) said, “Large established companies that have multiple global operations; Companies that are just starting their international operations that may not have experienced staff to effectively handle international HR situations; and Companies whose business needs fluctuate as overseas projects are initiated and completed.'; If your company has decided to outsource then there are many sites on the web that are specifically geared towards outsourcing. Some of these locations are: http://www.iorworld.com  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.eems.com http://www.expat.ca  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://escapeartist.com Many companies and organizations will decide to internally promote and produce an expatriate executive rather than outsourcing the process. When a company or corporation does decide to promote internally many factors must be considered. The company will have to decide where to build the new facility, what products to produce, what resources to use, where to get the resources, what governmental policies must the facility adhere too, the size of the facility, and so on.

Behavioral Observation Project

Going to school is one of the most valuable social rituals people do. Staying for over 15 years at school, people earn an academic education that will shape their careers and lives. In school, people also meet friends and mentors who influence their personal beliefs. The early years in school are especially crucial for shaping foundations for virtues such as the proper behavior and self-discipline. Thus, grade school teachers are given the responsibility of instilling in their students the right qualities and attitudes.The learning site observed is a co-ed second grade class. The students are smart and energetic kids, with a few quiet ones thrown in. They come mostly from middle-class families and are of mixed ethnicities. They are still learning the core of education; spelling, writing, reading comprehension, basic geography, and fractions. Their teacher is male and a fresh university graduate; thus, he is younger than most of the faculty members. His youth presents itself in his in teraction and communication style.The teacher is approachable and authoritative at the same time. He is kind, friendlier, and less stiff than other teachers. He also has a more laidback demeanor that is evident in his non-verbal gestures, such as giving high-fives and thumbs up to his students as a way of affirming their answers. His students perceive him as likable and are also more relaxed with him. By their standards, he is seen as more of big brother type rather than a scary teacher. The respect he receives is different, but in no way less than what other teachers get.At times when the students get too noisy or when kids fight, the teacher lets out his more commanding side to discipline the students. The teacher aims to improve and influence his students’ behavior, such as building up their self-discipline to keep them from chatting with seatmates and increase the attention that they pay to the lessons. To fulfill these, he makes use of some reinforcing and motivating con sequences for the children’s actions. According to Skinner, using reinforcements is effective in helping shape or condition one’s reactions to stimuli.Thus, stimuli are called behavior influencers (Barker, Kreider, Peissig, Sokoloff & Stansfield, 2008) Positive reinforcement increases the desired stimulus while a negative reinforcement removes a negative stimulus. Both encourage one to continue whichever action will lead to one’s benefit and increased comfort (Feist & Feist, 2007). In the case of the second grade class, the most important stimulus is their grades. Having good grades leads to positive stimuli such as teacher’s praises, feelings of pride, and rewards from their parents.On the other hand, low grades bring about negative stimuli like dissatisfaction with oneself and disappointment from teachers and parents. The second-grade teacher uses public praises as positive reinforcements for kids who do well. By announcing how high one student’s grade is or by putting up the best artwork on the classroom corkboard, he highlights the student’s admirable behavior and quality of schoolwork, thus heartening the student to continue his or her hard work. The teacher uses mostly intangible reward to cheer his students on, as he hopes to motivate his students intrinsically rather than by bribes or physical rewards.Internal motivation will lead to a continued and better performance. He makes a special exception though for the case of a student with ADHD. He gives external rewards such as bowling games vouchers to this particular student to persuade him to continue his good performance and classroom behavior and continue his improvements. The teacher does not practice much punishment and extinction in the classroom. The harshest punishment he does is calling out a student’s name to get his or her attention back to the lessons. He was allowed to give them detention, especially when the kids get very naughty.His strength as an instructor and behavior model for the kids lay in the fact that he never had to give detentions because he is able to subdue a conflict before it even starts. He also understands the kids’ need to let go of pent-up energy and allows them to have some energy-releasing activities. The students receive punishment and extinction at home, mostly in the form of added chores for the former and revoked TV and video game privileges for the latter. The second graders are under the teacher’s excellent classroom management. The teacher’s policies are effectively and followed soundly.The teacher showed a perceptive understanding of when he should be friendly and when he should be authoritative with his students. Further, the behavior and discipline conditioning is enhanced by the good, trusting relationships between the teacher and his students. References Barker, B. , J Kreider, J Peissig, G Sokoloff, & M Stansfield. (2008). Glossary of terms for the experimental ana lysis of behavior. The University of Iowa. Retrieved February 9, 2009 from http://www. psychology. uiowa. edu/Faculty/Wasserman/Glossary/stimuli. html Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2007). Theories of Personality (6th ed). N

Positive Effects of Media on Our Society Essay

Today i am going to aware you about the positive effects of media on our society. Media has served as a boon to mankind. It has provided us with an exposure to the world outside our cozy homes. It has resulted in an exchange of views on a variety of subjects of a wide variety of people from all around the world, thereby leading to a global exchange of information and knowledge. Mass media has given each of us a platform to voice our opinions on all sorts of social and political issues and share information with one another. It has brought out easy ways of communication and provided us with easily accessible means to reach out to people in various parts of the world. Thanks to technological development, we have been able to obtain a platform that enables us to present ourselves to the rest of the world. The negative influences of media that are a result of an overexposure to it, are most often talked about. It is true to a certain extent that media has affected the society in a negative manner. But, undoubtedly, media has proved being a bliss. The media like television, radio and the Internet increase an overall awareness of the masses. They enhance the general knowledge by providing us with information from all over the world. News broadcast through different media helps us know about the day-to-day events in the world. News, tele-films and documentaries revolving around social issues increase a social awareness in children and develop their concern towards society. Newspapers, apart from updating us with the latest news and new information, also contribute to the enhancement of our vocabulary. Newspapers are the best beginners in developing reading habits in children. Through the print media, they provide the general public with a platform to give updates about their parts of the city, exchange their views over different issues that the society faces and share their thoughts on a larger scale. Media serve as the best means for a speedy spread of news about important incidents or events taking place. What has happened in the remotest corner of the world can reach us within minutes, thanks to media. The speed that technology has achieved is helpful in times of crisis when media is to be used for reporting news needing immediate attention. Research has revealed that media is responsible for influencing a major part of our daily life. Media contribute to a transformation in the cultural and social values of the masses. Media can bring about a change in the attitudes and  beliefs of the common man. The persuasive nature of the content presented over media influences the thoughts and behavior of the general public. Media has a direct impact over the lifestyle of society.

A Lack of Hope in The Catcher in the Rye Essays

A Lack of Hope in The Catcher in the Rye Essays A Lack of Hope in The Catcher in the Rye Essay A Lack of Hope in The Catcher in the Rye Essay Essay Topic: The Catcher in the Rye While you may feel hopeless during a time of despair, it is often the desire for success that turns despair into hope. To be hopeful, you have a yearning for something to work out the way you wish. When you despair, you are still aware of what could happen, but begin to lose hope. Depending on how strong that feeling is, you might be able to turn it into hope before it is too late. For those who feel despair, they may feel that life is not worth living. Unfortunately for Holden, his feelings of despair have gone too far out of hand. Holden Caulfield, the main character in The Catcher in the Rye, lives a very troubling life. He struggles with staying enrolled and engaged in his classes, has difficulty with friendships due to his constant need to tell lies, and has thoughts of suicide often. It seems that this is a story of despair; Holden’s life lacks any signs of hope. It is clear that he does not have anything to live for since the thought of suicide frequently crosses his mind. Holden has fallen so far into this pit of despair that it is nearly impossible for him to recover. Holden has little desire and motivation at school. He is most recently kicked out of school for failing four out of five of his classes. Upon visiting one of his teachers, his teacher makes comments about how little effort Holden put into the coursework. On his assignment, Holden even wrote his teacher a note stating â€Å"it is all right with me if you flunk me though as I am flunking everything else except English anyway† page 15 Holden is showing his teacher how little his grades matter to him; he is not even hopeful that his teacher will try and pass him. Instead, he gives his teacher the permission, in a sense, to fail him. It wouldnt matter anyway since Holden does not have a chance at passing regardless of his note. Suicide is a reoccurring thought for Holden. There are instances in which he is about to commit suicide; however he refrains from doing

Aged Care Centre Cost Analysis and Cost Management

In the contemporary world, cost consciousness is increasing among project team managers. Accordingly, when desire to offer more as well as better services has to confront the restrained ability to finance extra spending, project team managers have been naturally led to a cost-benefit analysis for the decision relating to resource allocation. Policy analysts along with researchers acknowledge generally the need to employ cost-benefit analysis and hence willing to employ this analytic tool Age Care Center (ACC) service programs (Elleh, 2013). Many remain hesitant, nevertheless, to apply cost-benefit analysis as a technique for guiding policy making in ACC and posit that other analytical tools have to be sought. It is the contention of the current author that cost-benefit analysis is able to fruitfully employ in ACC field and, with the technique’s acknowledged limitations, it remains both objective and powerful tool for evaluating ACC programs. This section undertakes the cost-analysis of ACC in Australia (Heldman, 2013).  Ã‚  . An array of aged care services are subsidized by the government of Australia. It is anticipated that one will contribute towards the cost of one’s care in case one can afford where one’s personal circumstance permits. One could be wonder how much it costs to enter into an ACC. A residential care fee estimator has, however, been availed to assist in the estimation of what ACC costs he will be required to pay. Strong protection are available to make sure that care is reasonably priced in ACC for everybody. The government of Australian undertakes to regulate the maximum cost on may have to pay. This is utilized as a contribution towards one’s daily living costs like meals, laundry, cleaning, cooling and heating. Every person entering the ACC can be asked to make a payment for this fee. The highest basic daily fee for fresh inhabitants as well as interval inhabitants is pegged at $48.44 a day. The rate rises on 20 th March as well as 20 th September per annum in accordance with alterations to Age Pension. For new residents, the upper limit of the basic daily fee is eighty-five percent of the lone individual rate of basic Age Pension. Beginning 20 th September 2016, a solitary rate basic Age Pension became 797.9 dollars a fortnight, besides eighty-five percent of sole rate of basic Age Pension became 678.210 dollars a fortnight. Such fees remain in effect even when one is a member of a couple. People will know the rate they need to pay as they obtain a letter arising from Department of Human Services which confirms his highest basic daily fee which is subjected to yearly indexing on March 20 th and September 20 th in accordance with the Age Pension increases. It describes the extra payment towards ACC fees which certain individuals might be needed to remit. The DHS have a duty to work out whether one is obligated to pay such an extra cost anchored on income and assets assessments and advice the applicant of an amount. A half of a couple’s merged income and assets are regarded in the determination of the means-tested care fee, irrespective of which spouse nets income or possess assets. Means-tested care fees have annual and lifetime caps. Upon hitting the cap, one ceases to pay further means-tested care fees. Any income-tested care fees paid already in a Home Care Package before touching into ACC shall as well account for one’s yearly and lifespan limits. Aged care means test are assessed via such information deemed incomed and exemptions. Such information is available on the website of Department of Human Services. The residential aged care may as well affect Centrelink payments. The current means-tested fee is pegged at $25,939.92 per annum, or $62,255.85 over a lifetime. One has to be given an account of how his income will be affected by this fee before making a major financial decision like selling a family home. The services of a financial adviser is necessary to assist in working out the best strategy for one’s own condition. ACC program requires one to pay accommodation fees in the facility. Certain individuals may have their respective costs of accommodation paid fully or partially by government of Australia whereas others residents will have to make payments for accommodation cost agreed with the ACC. The Department of Human Services has a duty to advise which arrangement applies to a person on the basis of an assessment of his asset and income. For a partner of a couple, a 1/2 of the merged assets and income are accounted for in the determination of a partner’s eligibility for assistance by the government with accommodation costs when one enters ACC, irrespective of the partner earning the income or owning the asset. The average cost of accommodation is around $350,000 to $400,000, but it could go higher where one is living in an expensive city such as Melbourne or Sydney or for a room with private bathroom. A financial Adviser will help choose between a lump sum payments (Refundable Accommodation Deposit-RAD) or Daily Accommodation Payments (DAP) or a merger of both. DAP remain essentially interest payments on an outstanding accommodation payment amount, whereas RAD is an interest-free loan to the facility that one will get back when he leaves or will be part of his estate when one passes on. Extra fees can apply where a person goes for an advanced accommodation standard or extra services. Additional service cost are applicable to such inhabitants who are in additional service facilities.   Such places are under regulation and purposed to capture a sophisticated standard of services or accommodation. ACC that have devoted additional service facilities remain presently needed to publish their respective additional service costs on their website called â€Å"My Aged Care†, along with additional relevant materials provided by them to potential inhabitants. Additional extra care as well as services along with related costs remain under regulations. Such additional costs are under the agreements between the resident and ACC care giver. Such fees range across ACC. A person’s ACC care provide is able to give one the details of such services, like Foxtel, and hairdressing alongside other applicable fees (Kerzner, 2013).  Ã‚   It is increasingly tricky to navigate the minefield of taking members of family into ACC care. There is a need to decode the loopholes that can potentially save one heartache and money. Making arrangements for the aged care for ageing parent that is not surviving at home could become emotionally demanding experience coupled with the added stress to navigate the unfamiliar as well as complex territory of welfare system of Australia to ensure one is undertaking correct action financially. An adult child will automatically get herself trapped in a converse responsibility of care as well as decision maker at such a time, facing choices like whether to engage in the sale of a family house or not to pay for ACC care cost of residential care, a matter which seemingly is never a straightforward decision (George, Harris & Mitchell, 2012). The figure might be so challenging-aged-care accommodation bonds averaged 213,000.0 dollars countrywide in the year 2009, however, they are usually between 350,000.0 dollars and 450,000.0 dollars for homes located in large cities. At the leading edge, the prod one million dollar for a hotel-kind room in prestigious Sydney site. Further, however, nothing remains the way it appears and there exist the rationale certain individuals might choose to make payment for the high bond. Surely, such undertakings become substantial financial decisions and remains second biggest financial decision made when considering ACC care. Several people have ended up making such decisions in a hurry without considering the any financial implications and opportunities attached. To this end, an adult child needs to own the possibly stroppy but together essential discussion with their respective elderly parents alongside household consultants (Ji & Yao, 2014). People who seek for ACC care encounter three categories of care including high care, low care, along with extra services.   Low-care accommodation are accompanied with ‘personal care’ facilities like assist with eating alongside bathing. Higher-care integrates services of nursing into this mix along with extreme needs. It should, however, never be substituted for extra services that describes a higher standard of accommodation, food, along with additional hotel-style services (Marià ±o et al., 2016). Many people, unfortunately think it is merely a substance of placing their designation down at the ACC home, however, it really goes beyond that. Key to unlocking the ACC care system is ACAT form from Aged Care Assessment Team which determines the type of care and facility. This form is essential in helping one to attract the government subsidy. Managing cost in an ACC facility calls for earlier planning so as not to leave the decisions for the children. One must focus first on how to benefit from the government subsidies (Ebbesen & Hope, 2013).   Before choosing the best quality of care, one needs to work out his finances. A person has to factor in his upfront and ongoing costs along with having something put away for additional expenses which emerges, one will be able to figure out exactly what he can afford- and begin looking for ACC which meets his needs within his budget (Catanio, Armstrong & Tucker, 2013). Getting financial advice is essential in managing aged care cost. The guidance of a Financial Adviser who is specialized in aged care make one to have support needed to manage government an aged care home-derived paperwork. The Financial Adviser will further work out the right payment alternatives for the client’s situation, while concurrently making sure there is a steady cash flow to account for the client’s immediate needs. What is more, Financial Adviser can guide his client through the biggest financial decisions he needs to make. This will be right from selling the family home to planning his estate. The Financial Adviser will assist one understand the longer run impacts of such cost and decisions, including the impacts on his pension as well as aged care means-tested fees. Catanio, J. T., Armstrong, G., & Tucker, J. (2013). The effects of project management certification on the triple constraint.  International Journal of Information Technology Project Management (IJITPM),  4(4), 93-111. Ebbesen, J. B., & Hope, A. (2013). Re-imagining the iron triangle: embedding sustainability into project constraints.  PM World Journal,  2(III). Elleh, F. U. (2013). Software-Enabled Project Management Techniques and Their Relationship to the Triple Constraints.  ProQuest LLC. George, B., Harris, A., & Mitchell, A. (2012). Cost-effectiveness analysis and the consistency of decision making. Pharmacoeconomics, 19(11), 1103-1109. Heldman, K. (2013).  PMP: project management professional exam study guide. John Wiley & Sons. Ji, X., & Yao, K. (2014). Uncertain project scheduling problem with resource constraints.  Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1-6. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).  Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons. Marià ±o, R., Tonmukayakul, U., Manton, D., Stranieri, A., & Clarke, K. (2016). Cost-analysis of teledentistry in residential aged care facilities. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 22(6), 326-332. Serrador, P., & Pinto, J. K. (2015). Does Agile work?—A quantitative analysis of agile project success.  International Journal of Project Management,  33(5), 1040-1051. Silvius, A. J., & Schipper, R. P. (2014). Sustainability in project management: A literature review and impact analysis.  Social Business,  4(1), 63-96. Stellingwerf, R., & Zandhuis, A. (2013).  ISO 21500 Guidance on project management-A Pocket Guide. Van Haren. Whittington, J. W., Nolan, K., Lewis, N., & Torres, T. (2015). Pursuing the triple aim: the first 7 years.  Milbank Quarterly,  93(2), 263-300.

Brain Based learnnig Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brain Based learnnig - Essay Example Jerome Bruner, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, the brightes representatives of this approach, strongly believed that students must actively construct their own knowledge. Thus, Vygotsky claims that the process of learning is socially determined and the teacher is supposed to control and supervise learning instead of providing strict directions (Vigotsky, 1997). Piaget argues that children independently form their understanding of the world perceiving different information and creating their own cognitive schemes. Therefore, the role of teacher is not very important when supervision is concerned: excessively rigorous supervision and control reduce the child's ability and desire to discover the world independently (Ginsberg, & Opper, 1979). Brunner holds the same opinion, but he also recognizes the role of teachers in organization of learning process claiming that effective organization greatly facilitates children's discovery of the world (Bruner, 1966). Regular education teachers often fail to consider these valuable findings in their teaching strategies.

Statement,resume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statement,resume - Essay Example Therefore, when I turned 18, I moved over to US for higher studies. Philadelphia was my first destination in US. I was fascinated by the culture of US and felt very happy at having migrated to US. US culture is unique. People from all over the world have integrated their respective cultures so well that the contemporary culture of US is a blend of all shades and necessarily reflects the presence and influence of all ethnic minorities that have ever lived or are still living in the US. One thing that I particularly like about the US culture is that it provides an individual with the freedom of expression. I find US an ideally democratic society. Here, I can wear what I want to, say what I like to, and live like and live with whom I want to. There are no social constraints, but this does not come as a compromise upon the ethical and moral standing of the society. I could not speak English until I moved to US. I joined a middle school in Philadelphia. For the one year that I lived in Ph iladelphia, I studied English. Besides studies, I have also involved myself in a lot of physical activities, particularly the out-door games. Soccer is my favorite game, and I am quite good in it. In addition to playing, I kill my time reading books as it has always been my hobby. I believe in spending time in a useful way.

The attack on the world trade center and the rise of islamic threats Term Paper

The attack on the world trade center and the rise of islamic threats - Term Paper Example Terrorism refers to the threatened application of force, violence or coercion against individuals, society or governments and their properties, in order to coerce or intimidate the society and the government, to achieve the ideological, religious or political objectives of the terrorist groups2. Despite the fact that the threat of terrorism is rising from the extremist views of the minority militant Islamic groups, most especially from the Middle East, South Asia and some parts of Africa, their threat is real, and it has hit the whole world. The most worrying aspect of Islamic terrorist threats is that they are not simply targeted to a given country, society or group, but to multiple targets, which are perceived to have a connection with their perceived enemy. Thus, it is never known when and where the terrorists will strike next. The attack on the world trade center, popularly known as the 9/11 attack is the most conspicuous terrorist occurrence in the world, considering that the terrorists targeted and hit the heart of the world’s superpower, to simply send a message that none of the societies or countries in the world is safe or immune from the threat of terrorism3. Despite the fact that there has been a reawakening of the world to the live fact that terrorism is real and is bound to cause more scare to the world than it could have been anticipated, the world has not been able to completely devise measures that could help to neutralize this threat effectively. Thus, the threat of terrorism continues to scare the world, especially for any society or country that is perceived to have a connection with the west, which is the greatest target of the militant Islamic terrorist groups4. The actions of these extremist Islamic militants have been pitched on the Muslim religion, with such terrorist groups cla iming to be fighting a holy war against the societies that have not adhered to the requirements of their religion, which they hold as true and supreme. In this

Impact of the Gig Economy on Millennials

Impact of the Gig Economy on Millennials Why The Gig Economy Is The Best and Worst Development For Millennials Introduction An intrusive economic downfall otherwise known as a recession hit in 2008, when millennials were still in college or entering the workforce for the first time. This had a  major effect on the development of careers   for millennials who found a secure career path before the recession developed, the downturn of the economy was not as hard felt for those who have been in the workforce for quite some time, but for millennials trying to find work after companies instituted hiring freezes and lowered workers’ salaries, the job market was in a drought. During this time the gig economy was starting to make its way into the economy making it both an opportunity and a challenge. This was an opportunity for those were out of a job and needed immediate work; however, for many employers this posed quite a challenge. For employers, this caused for them to have many positions that they could not hire for and caused them potential candidates who were looking for more of a work-home balance (Alton, Larry 2016). What Is The Gig Economy? According to TechTarget, a gig economy is an environment in which temporary positions are common and organizations contract with independent workers for short term assignments (2016). In a gig economy, businesses save money on what they would have spent on overhead such as a business space. This type of work allows for workers to be selective in the type of work they want to perform and allow employers to staff for more specialized roles a lot quicker than before. This model is geared towards those who want to be entrepreneurs. But for those, such as millennials who are just now getting into their careers or are already in their careers this type of work environment can’t be a good and a bag thing according to how they play their cards. Thriving In The Gig Economy; How Successful Freelancers Mange The Uncertainty. â€Å"Thriving in The Gig Economy How Successful Freelancers Manage the Uncertainty,† By Gianipiero, Petrigeli, focused on the attributes and patience one must have thrive in the gig economy. In this study, the writer spoke with several freelancers who have been working in this type of environmental for over five years and have gained insight on what one needs to thrive. In a gig economy financial insecurity is a major concern as well as the lack of human interaction. When you are working gig-based jobs that are platform based you are waiting for notifications to be sent to your phone, or your waiting to hear back from potential clients regarding your proposals it becomes harder to build relationships with those who have not already used or heard of your work. According to one freelancer that was interviewed for this paper, who goes by the name of Mary. Mary stated that; â€Å"Working in this type of structure is like that of being on a trapeze.† Produce or Parish Another topic that was mentioned in this article, was Produce or Parish. Produce or parish as related to this type of work structure Is often regarded as if you don’t obtain clients then you will parish in the form of not being able to pay your bills or in other words be financially secure. The writer states that, â€Å"The first thing they realized when they began interviewing independent consultants and artists was that the stakes of independent work are enormously high— not just financially but also existentially. Unshackled from managers and corporate norms, people can choose assignments that make the most of their talents and reflect their true interests. They feel ownership over what they produce and over their entire professional lives. Sustaining productivity is a constant struggle. Distress and distractions can erode it, and both impediments abound in people’s working lives. One executive coach gave a poignant description of an unproductive day: â€Å"It’s when there is so much to do that I’m disorganized and can’t get my act together. [In the evening,] the same e-mails I opened in the morning are still open. The documents I wanted to get done are not done. I got distracted and feel like I wasted time.† A day like that, he said, leaves him full of self-doubt (PETRIGLIERI, ASHFORD, AND WRZESNIEWSKI 2018). Are There Good Jobs In The Gig Economy? In this article the writer proposed the question, â€Å"Are there any good jobs in this type of economy, and if so, where are they?†Ã‚   According to recent study the gig economy makes up more than half of todays workforce, the majority of those being millennials. Millennials are more inclined to be searching for a work-life balance in which baby-boomers were not accustomed to. Many millennials are not interested in full-time jobs that in their eyes tie them down to an office but for gigs that a lot them the opportunity to work as little or as much as they want and not be tied down into one select field. There is a multitude of growth that has been hitting the airways with this newly found economy and it seems to not be stopping anytime soon. Economists estimate that the portion of U.S. workers earning a living as independent contractors, freelancers, temps, and on-call employees jumped from 10% in 2005 to nearly 16% in 2015. Workers of these â€Å"alternative work credit this type of work environment to those who are burnout, or hating one’s job for freedom, flexibility, and financial gains. Whereas, skeptics feel that this is going to end badly for those working in this type of economy due to lack of having benefits and stability. Financial insecurity is a big and ever-present concern. So is the lack of human connection: Kessler writes, â€Å"I don’t think Silicon Valley was wrong to attempt to restructure the job. Our current model wasn’t working, and the startup spirit of experimentation was necessary (Torres, 2018). The Future of Work is Flexible Flexibility in the workplace is defined differently amongst individual workers. However; the common denominator amongst all workers is that when working in a flexible environment one is allotted the opportunity to make choices on where and how long they spend on work related task. Recent trends in availability of those working flexible jobs have seen a recent spike in flexibility in the workplace. Employees in this type of environment may have flexibility regarding the time in which they start and end their work-related duties and as in where they can complete their work. In this article two researchers go into detail on how this type of environment has shaped the recent economy and how this work environment poses its own separate challenges. According to researchers Kerr, and Nevin, the world of work is transforming: technological, socioeconomic and demographic shifts are changing the way we think, demanding greater flexibility in how both individuals and organizations operate. In fact, the concept of employment itself seems to have passed its sell-by date. This type of online work has made it easier for those to find jobs/ complete tasks for those who are seeking the help. This type of environment is more cost-effective for employees due to the nature of them not having to purchase additional office space for employees and not having to offer many of the benefits that they would have to offer if their employees were working at the office on a full-time basis.   (Kerr, 2017). Challenges: According to researcher Jamie Kerr, although this type of environment brings on a good connotation allowing those workers the work-life balance they are seeking there are still some drawbacks that many companies and employees are facing. â€Å"There is then the debate as to whether employment regulations and practices are still fit for purpose. The new explosion of small-scale entrepreneurship might make you wonder whether were returning to the kind of  economy  espoused in 1776 by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (Kerr,2017). The rise of this new economy is defining what it really means for one to work for self. One key problem is that many individuals find it hard to distinguish between employment and self-employment. There is little clarity in the statutory definitions of employment status, although there is a body of case law. Statutory sick pay, statutory maternity pay, training support and employer pension contributions are some of the occupational benefits that an employee will forgo when they become technically self-employed. As more people do this there is growing pressure for the law to be simplified (Kerr,2017). Summary Full-time employment was once known as job security and stability and is now becoming increasingly rare. Employers are now creating less full-time positions and are starting to outsource many of their positions to workers who find work on sites such as Upwork and Flex jobs. For the growing number of people seeking employment, working a gig is becoming increasingly safer. Living without those benefits you would receive from a more conventional work environment may seem reckless, but with proper planning, you can manage a career working gigs/freelancing that can be just as stable. Working in this environment you have more control over the jobs you would like to take on as well as have a work-life balance and therefore you are seeing more millennials then any other age demographic working these types of jobs. It remains a mystery as to whether the gig economy is a healthy alternative to working a conventional 9-5 for economic development overall, but for millennials, it’s certainly both. For young workers who are seeking to make an extra income to help pay for college or to even move out of their parents’ house, this type of economy can be quite frustrating, but for those who have built a life around gig work and want to gain a multitude of experience in various industries the gig economy it a great way to achieve those goals. Regardless of how you feel about it, the gig economy is likely to stick around for the foreseeable future (and experience even further growth), so it’s best to learn how to take advantage of it for yourself—and avoid the pitfalls that your peers are facing (Alton, Larry2018). References PETRIGLIERI, G., ASHFORD, S., & WRZESNIEWSKI, A. (2018). THRIVING IN THE GIG ECONOMY. (cover story).  Harvard Business Review,  96(2), 140-143. TORRES, N. (2018). ARE THERE GOOD JOBS IN THE GIG ECONOMY.  Harvard Business Review,  96(4), 146-147. Kerr, J. (2017). The future of work isflexible.  Director,  70(10), 60.

Track State Championship Essay -- Memoir Essays

Track State Championship The pit of my stomach felt as if it was being eaten away by gnawing insects inside. It wasn't just the ordinary butterflies but evil-biting insects. I was standing impatiently on the track quickly sliding further toward the inside as the incoming runner completed her handoff. Screaming encouragements, I waited for Rachel to make her way down the last stretch. We successfully completed our exchange of the baton and I was off. We arrived at Dutch Clark Stadium in Pueblo, Colorado our normal two hours early on a dark, rainy Friday morning. Our team carried in the large tarp, blue tent, coolers full of energy food and many cases of water to keep us hydrated throughout the day. The sight of the enormous red rubber track brought that familiar tingle to my stomach. "It's the same size as any other track, but we just run the opposite direction," I heard Coach Dirst joke with the always gullible Erin. Shortly after we set up camp, I heard the familiar words, "Get out of here!" come from Coach Dirst. Our team made our way down the mountain of unevenly spaced, concrete stairs to the track. After doing our routine warm-up of a two-lap jog, stretches and form running, the team scattered, some preparing for their event, others just hoping to catch a few more zs. As I was making my way back to camp, I noticed everyone's red stained t-shirts and sweatshirts from stretching on the damp track, not realizing those stains would in time become memories I'd never forget. The day of prelims jumped off to a great start. The medley relay qualified for finals, and Kendal became a two-time state champion in high jump capturing the team's first ten points. The rest of the day went just as well. After placing fourth a... ...owerful! To hear Coach Dirst say that just made the whole experience that much more special. All the hard work we'd put in throughout the year had finally paid off when it mattered most. As we ran our final victory lap of the 2002 track season, we realized we had accomplished what every team dreams. After the sharing of many hugs and tears, happy ones of course, I made my way back to camp to gather my belongings. I then slowly strolled to the parking lot wanting to savor the incredible feeling. As I gazed up at the pitch-black sky, a raindrop fell to my forehead. Within no time at all, I was standing in the midst of a downpour taking everything in as I thought, "This is as good as it gets!" All the emotions, triumph, thrill and excitement, I was feeling acted like a bug bomb to the evil-biting insects that were at one time eating away at the pit of my stomach. Â  

Modern motivation theory and Buddhist teaching for Motivation Essay

One of the most important functions of management is to create willingness amongst the employees to perform to the best of their abilities. Therefore the role of a leader is to arouse interest in performance of employees in their jobs. The process of motivation consists of three stages:1. A felt need or drive 2. A stimulus in which nodes have to be aroused 3. When needs are satisfied, the satisfaction or accomplishment of goals. Therefore, we can say that motivation is a psychological phenomenon which means needs and wants of the individuals have to be tackled by framing an incentive plan. Motivation Theories According to subject of Management have some kind of motivation theories. These theories were introduced by most of scholars in the world. However when considers about history can motivation theories categorize as ï‚ · Classical Motivation Theories ï‚ · Modern Motivation Theories Under the classic motivation theories can introduce following three theories. Classical Motivation Theories 1. The Hierarchy Of Needs Theory Abraham Maslow is well renowned for proposing the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in 1943. This theory is a classical depiction of human motivation. This theory is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five needs within each individual. The urgency of these needs varies. 1. Physiological needs- These are the basic needs of air, water, food, clothing and shelter. In other words, physiological needs are the needs for basic amenities of life. 2. Safety needs- Safety needs include physical, environmental and emotional safety and protection. For instance- Job security, financial security, protection from animals, family security, health security, etc. 3. Social needs- Social needs include the need for love, affection, care, belongings, and friendship. 4. Esteem needs- Esteem needs are of two types: internal esteem needs (self- respect, confidence, competence, achievement and freedom) and external esteem needs (recognition, power, status, attention and admiration). 5. Self-actualization need- This includes the urge to become what you are capable of becoming / what you have the potential to become. It includes the need for growth and selfcontentment. It also includes a desire for gaining more knowledge, social- service, creativity and being aesthetic. The self- actualization needs are never fully suitable. As an individual grows psychologically, opportunities keep cropping up to continue growing. According to Maslow, individuals are motivated by unsatisfied needs. As each of these needs is significantly satisfied, it drives and forces the next need to emerge.. 2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation In 1959, Frederick Herzberg, a behavioral scientist proposed a two-factor theory or the motivator-hygiene theory. According to Herzberg, there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction. Herzberg, the opposite of â€Å"Satisfaction† is â€Å"No satisfaction† and the opposite of â€Å"Dissatisfaction† is â€Å"No Dissatisfaction†. Herzbergss view of satisfaction and dissatisfaction Herzberg classified these job factors into two categories Hygiene factors- Hygiene factors are those job factors which are essential for existence of motivation at the workplace. These do not lead to positive satisfaction for the long-term. But if these factors are absent / if these factors are non-existent at the workplace, then they lead to dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors include: 1. Pay – The pay or salary structure should be appropriate and reasonable. It must be equal and competitive with those in the same industry in the same domain. 2. Company Policies and administrative policies – The company policies should not be too rigid. They should be fair and clear. It should include flexible working hours, dress code, breaks, vacation, etc. 3. Fringe benefits – The employees should be offered health care plans (mediclaim), benefits for the family members, employee help programs, etc. 4. Physical Working conditions – The working conditions should be safe, clean and hygienic. The work equipments should be updated and well-maintained. 5. Status – The employees’ status within the organization should be familiar and retained. 6. Interpersonal relations – The relationship of the employees with his peers, superiors and subordinates should be appropriate and acceptable. There should be no conflict or humiliation element present. 7. Job Security – The organization must provide job security to the employees. Motivational factors- According to Herzberg, the hygiene factors cannot be regarded as motivators. The motivational factors yield positive satisfaction. These factors are inherent to work. These factors motivate the employees for a superior performance. These factors are called satisfiers. These are factors involved in performing the job. Employees find these factors intrinsically rewarding. The motivators symbolized the psychological needs that were perceived as an additional benefit. Motivating factors include: ï‚ · Recognition – The employees should be praised and recognized for their accomplishments by the managers. ï‚ · Sense of achievement – The employees must have a sense of achievement. This depends on the job. There must be a fruit of some sort in the job. ï‚ · Growth and promotional opportunities – There must be growth and advancement opportunities in an organization to motivate the employees to perform well. ï‚ · Responsibility – The employees must hold themselves responsible for the work. The managers should give them ownership of the work. They should minimize control but retain accountability. ï‚ · The meaningfulness of the work – The work itself should be meaningful, interesting and challenging for the employee to perform and to get motivated. 3. Theory X and Theory Y In 1960, Douglas McGregor formulated Theory X and Theory Y suggests two aspects of human behavior at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals (employees): one of which is negative, called as Theory X and the other is positive, so called as Theory Y. According to McGregor, the perception of managers of the nature of individuals is based on various assumptions. Assumptions of Theory X ï‚ · An average employee intrinsically does not like work and tries to escape it whenever possible. ï‚ · Since the employee does not want to work, he must be persuaded, compelled, or warned with a punishment so as to achieve organizational goals. A close supervision is required on the part of managers. The managers adopt a more dictatorial style. ï‚ · Many employees rank job security on top, and they have little or no aspiration/ ambition. ï‚ · Employees generally dislike responsibilities. ï‚ · Employees resist change. ï‚ · An average employee needs formal direction. Assumptions of Theory Y ï‚ · Employees can perceive their job as relaxing and normal. They exercise their physical and mental efforts in an inherent manner in their jobs. ï‚ · Employees may not require only threat, external control and coercion to work, but they can use self-direction and self-control if they are dedicated and sincere to achieve the organizational objectives. ï‚ · If the job is rewarding and satisfying, then it will result in employees’ loyalty and commitment to the organization. ï‚ · An average employee can learn to admit and recognize the responsibility. In fact, he can even learn to obtain responsibility. ï‚ · The employees have skills and capabilities. Their logical capabilities should be fully utilized. In other words, the creativity, resourcefulness and innovative potentiality of the employees can be utilized to solve organizational problems. Thus, we can say that Theory X presents a pessimistic view of employees’ nature and behavior at work, while Theory Y presents an optimistic view of the employees’ nature and behavior at work. Modern Motivation Theories Under the modern motivation theories can illustrate following six theories. 1. ERG Theory To bring Maslow’s need hierarchy theory of motivation in synchronization with empirical research, Clayton Alderfer redefined it in his own terms. His rework is called as the ERG theory of motivation. He recategorized Maslow’s hierarchy of needs into three simpler and broader classes of nodes: ï‚ · Existence needs- These include the need for basic material necessities. In short, it includes an individual’s physiological and physical safety needs. ï‚ · Relatedness needs- These include the aspiration individual’s have for maintaining significant interpersonal relationships (be it with family, peers or superiors), getting public fame and recognition. Maslow’s social needs and external component of esteem needs fall under this class of need. ï‚ · Growth needs- These include need for self-development and personal growth and advancement. Maslow’s self-actualization needs and intrinsic component of esteem needs fall under this category of need. Managers must understand that an employee has various needs that must be satisfied at the same time. According to the ERG theory, if the manager concentrates solely on one need at a time, this will not effectively motivate the employee. Also, the frustration- regression aspect of ERG Theory has an added effect on workplace motivation. For instance- if an employee is not provided with growth and advancement opportunities in an organization, he might revert to the relatedness need such as socializing needs and to meet those socializing needs, if the environment or circumstances do not permit, he might revert to the need for money to fulfill those socializing needs. The sooner the manager realizes and discovers this, the most immediate steps they will take to fulfill those needs which are frustrated until such time that the employee can again pursue growth. 2. McClelland’s Theory of Needs David McClelland and his associates proposed McClelland’s theory of Needs / Achievement Motivation Theory. This theory states that human behavior is affected by three needs – Need for Power, Achievement and Affiliation. Need for achievement is the urge to excel, to accomplish in relation to a set of standards, to struggle to achieve success. Need for power is the desire to influence other individual’s behavior as per your wish. In other words, it is the desire to have control over others and to be influential. Need for affiliation is a need for open and sociable interpersonal relationships. In other words, it is a desire for a relationship based on co-operation and mutual understanding. The individuals with high achievement needs are highly motivated by competing and challenging work. They look for promotional opportunities in the job. They have a strong urge for feedback on their achievement. Such individuals try to get satisfaction in performing things better. High achievement is directly related to high performance. Individuals who are better and above average performers are highly motivated. They assume responsibility for solving the problems at work. McClelland called such individuals as gamblers as they set challenging targets for themselves and they take the deliberate risk to achieve those set targets. Such individuals look for innovative ways of performing the job. They perceive achievement of goals as a reward, and value it more than a financial reward. The individuals who are motivated by power have a strong urge to be influential and controlling. They want that their views and ideas should dominate and thus, they want to lead. Such individuals are motivated by the need for reputation and self-esteem. Individuals with greater power and authority will perform better than those possessing less power. Generally, managers with high need for power turn out to be more efficient and successful managers. They are more determined and loyal to the organization they work for. Need for power should not always be taken negatively. It can be viewed as the need to have a positive effect on the organization and to support the organization in achieving its goals. The individuals who are motivated by affiliation have an urge for a friendly and supportive environment. Such individuals are effective performers in a team. These people want to be liked by others. The manager’s ability to make decisions is hampered if they have a high affiliation need as they prefer to be accepted and liked by others, and this weakens their objectivity. Individuals having high affiliation needs prefer working in an environment providing greater personal interaction. Such people have a need to be on the good books of all. They generally cannot be good leaders. 3. Goal Setting Theory In 1960’s, Edwin Locke put forward the Goal-setting theory of motivation. This theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance. It states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance. In simple words, goals indicate and give direction to an employee about what needs to be done and how much efforts are required to be put in. The important features of goal-setting theory are as follows: ï‚ · The willingness to work towards attainment of goals is the main source of job motivation. Clear, particular and difficult goals are greater motivating factors than easy, general and vague goals. ï‚ · Specific and clear goals lead to greater output and better performance. Unambiguous, measurable and clear goals accompanied by a deadline for completion avoids misunderstanding. ï‚ · Goals should be realistic and challenging. This gives an individual a feeling of pride and triumph when he attains them, and sets him up for attainment of the next goal. The more challenging the goal, the greater is the reward generally and the more is the passion for achieving it. ï‚ · Better and appropriate feedback of results directs the employee behavior and contributes to higher performance than the absence of feedback. Feedback is a means of gaining reputation, making clarifications and regulating goal difficulties. It helps employees to work with more involvement and leads to greater job satisfaction. ï‚ · The employee’s participation in goal is not always desirable. ï‚ · Participation of setting goal, however, makes the goal more acceptable and leads to more involvement. ï‚ · Goal setting theory has certain eventualities such as: Self-efficiency- Self-efficiency is the individual’s self-confidence and faith that he has potential of performing the task. The higher the level of self-efficiency, greater will be the efforts put in by the individual when they face challenging tasks. While, lower the level of self-efficiency, less will be the efforts put in by the individual or he might even quit while meeting challenges. Goal commitment- Goal setting theory assumes that the individual is committed to the goal and will not leave the goal. The goal commitment is dependent on the following factors: 1. Goals are made openly, known and broadcasted. 2. Goals should be set-self by individual rather than designated. 3. Individual’s set goals should be consistent with the organizational goals and vision. 4. Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory of motivation was proposed by BF Skinner and his associates. It states that an individual’s behavior is a function of its consequences. It is based on â€Å"law of effect†, i.e, individual’s behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, but individual’s behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated. Reinforcement theory of motivation overlooks the internal state of individuality, i.e., the inner feelings and drives of individuals are ignored by Skinner. This theory focuses totally on what happens to an individual when he takes some action. Thus, according to Skinner, the external environment of the organization must be designed effectively and positively so as to motivate the employee. This theory is a strong tool for analyzing controlling mechanism for individual’s behavior. However, it does not focus on the causes of individual’s behavior. The managers use the following methods for controlling the behavior of the employees: ï‚ · Positive Reinforcement- This implies giving a positive response when an individual shows the positive and required behavior. For example – Immediately praising an employee for coming early for the job. This will increase the probability of outstanding behavior occurring again. The reward is a positive reinforce, but not necessarily. If and only if the employees’ behavior improves, the reward can said to be a positive reinforcer. Positive reinforcement stimulates occurrence of a behavior. It must be noted that more spontaneous is the giving of reward, the greater reinforcement value it has. ï‚ · Negative Reinforcement- This implies rewarding an employee by removing negative / undesirable consequences. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used for increasing desirable / required behavior. ï‚ · Punishment- It implies removing positive consequences so as to lower the probability of repeating the undesirable behavior in future. In other words, punishment means applying undesirable consequence for showing undesirable behaviors. For instance – Suspending an employee for breaking the organizational rules. Punishment can be equalized by positive reinforcement from an alternative source. ï‚ · Extinction- It implies absence of reinforcements. In other words, extinction implies lowering the probability of undesired behavior by removing the reward for that kind of behavior. For instance – if an employee no longer receives praise and admiration for his good work, he may feel that his behavior is generating no fruitful consequence. Extinction may unintentionally lower desirable behavior. 5. Equity Theory of Motivation The core of the equity theory is the principle of balance or equity. As per this motivation theory, an individual’s motivation level is correlated with his perception of equity, fairness and justice practiced by the management. Higher is an individual’s perception of fairness, greater is the motivation level and vice versa. While evaluating fairness, employee compares the job input (in terms of contribution) to outcome (in terms of compensation) and also compares the same with that of other peer of equal cadre/category. D/I ratio (output-input ratio) is used to make such a comparison. An employee might compare himself with his peer within the present job in the current organization or with his friend/peer working in some other organization or with the past jobs held by him with others. An employee’s choice of the referent will be influenced by the appeal of the referent and the employee’s knowledge about the referent. Moderating Variables: The gender, salary, education and the experience level are moderating variables. Individuals with greater and higher education are more informed. Thus, they are likely to compare themselves with the outsiders. Males and females prefer same sex comparison. It has been observed that females are paid typically less than males in comparable jobs and have less salary expectations than males for the same work. Thus, a woman employee that uses another women employee as a referent tends to lead to a lower comparative standard. Employees with greater experience know their organization very well and compare themselves with their own colleagues, while employees with less experience rely on their personal experiences and knowledge for making comparisons. Choices: The employees who perceive inequity and are under negative tension can make the following choices: ï‚ · Change in input (e.g. Don’t overexert) ï‚ · Change their outcome (Produce quantity output and increasing earning by sacrificing quality when piece rate incentive system exist) ï‚ · Choose a different referent ï‚ · Quit the job ï‚ · Change self perception (For instance – I know that I’ve performed better and harder than everyone else.) ï‚ · Change perception of others (For instance – Jack’s job is not as desirable as I earlier thought it was.) 6. Expectancy Theory of Motivation The expectancy theory was proposed by Victor Vroom of Yale School of Management in 1964. Vroom stresses and focuses on outcomes, and not on needs unlike Maslow and Herzberg. The theory states that the intensity of a tendency to perform in a particular manner is dependent on the intensity of an expectation that the performance will be followed by a definite outcome and on the appeal of the outcome to the individual. The Expectancy theory states that employee motivation is an outcome of how much an individual wants a reward (Valence), the assessment that the likelihood that the effort will lead to expected performance (Expectancy) and the belief that the performance will lead to reward (Instrumentality). In short, Valence is the significance associated with an individual about the expected outcome. It is an expected and not the actual satisfaction that an employee expects to receive after achieving the goals. Expectancy is the faith that best efforts will result in better performance. Expectancy is influenced by factors such as possession of appropriate skills for performing the job, availability of right resources, availability of crucial information and getting the required support for completing the job. Instrumentality is the faith that if you perform well, then a valid outcome will be there. Instrumentality is affected by factors such as believe in the people who decide who receives what outcome, the simplicity of the process deciding who gets what outcome, and clarity of the relationship between performance and outcomes. Thus, the expectancy theory concentrates on the following three relationships: ï‚ · Effort-performance relationship: What is the likelihood that the individual’s effort to be recognized in his performance appraisal? ï‚ · Performance-reward relationship: It talks about the extent to which the employee believes that getting a good performance appraisal leads to organizational rewards. ï‚ · Rewards-personal goals relationship: It is all about the attractiveness or appeal of the potential reward to the individual. Vroom was of view that employees consciously decide whether to perform or not on the job. This decision solely depended on the employee’s motivation level which in turn depends on three factors of expectancy, valence and instrumentality. Buddhist Teaching For Motivation â€Å" ïÆ' £hi passikï‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬  = â€Å"come and see† When consider about Buddhist teachings can identify good management systems focusing on various subject. According to the Buddhist teaching for motivation can not be categorized or can not be compared with modern or classic motivation theories. However as a teacher Buddha mentioned about his damma as â€Å" ïÆ' £hi passikï‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ . That mean â€Å"come and see†. According to that Buddha mentioned mainly self motivation. In most of the occasions the Buddha explains about self motivation is only way to get rid of that Samsara. As a result of that the teaching of Buddha mostly depends on self motivation. When examining about Tipitaka, gives lots of Damma preached about motivation. In the Kalama Sutta mentioned about self motivation as follows Kalamas, as you yourselves say, do not follow the leader, do not go by the examination of reasons, do not stick to wrong views, don’t go by this has to be so, don’t go by the words of your teacher, the recluse. Kalamas, you, yourselves should know: these thoughts are demerit, these thoughts are faulty, these thoughts are blamed by the wise, these thoughts undertaken and accomplished are not for welfare, they conduce to unpleasantness: Kalamas, then you should dispel them. If it was said, it was said on account of this. Come Kalamas, do not go on filling your mind persistently with what you hear, do not go by tradition, do not guess, do not go on the grounds of authority, do not turn to logical thinking, do not follow the leader, do not go by the examination of reasons, do not stick to wrong views, don’t go by this has to be so, don’t go by the words of your teacher, the recluse. Kalamas, you, yourselves should know: these thoughts are meritorious, these thoughts are not faulty, these thoughts are not blamed by the wise, these thoughts undertaken and accomplished are for welfare, they conduce to please: Kalamas, then you should grow them. (Anguttara Nikaya. Thika niapata. 3.2.2.5) In MahÄ gopÄ laka sutta mentioned these eleven factors, it is possible that the bhikkhu could come to growth and increase in this Teaching and Dispensation Bhikkhus, 1. How does the bhikkhu know matter. The bhikkhu knows as it really is, that all matter, is a matter of the four great elements and the matter that is held as mine. Thus, the bhikkhu knows matter. 1. How is the bhikkhu clever in marks? The bhikkhu knows as it really is, the fool by his actions, and the wise one of his actions. Thus the bhikkhu is clever in marks. 3. How does the bhikkhu dispel nits. Here the bhikkhu does not endure sensual thoughts chases them out, and makes them not rise again. Does not endure angry thoughts, chases them out, and makes them not rise again. Does not endure hurting thoughts, chases them out, and makes them not rise again. Does not endure arisen demerit chases it out, and makes it not rise again. Thus the bhikkhu dispels nits. 4. How does the bhikkhu dress the wounds? Seeing a form with the eye does not take the sign and details. To one abiding uncontrolled in the faculty of the eye, evil demerit of covetousness and displeasure may trickle down, to its control he feels, protects the faculty of the eye. Hearing a sound with the ear-Cognizing a smell with the nose-Coignizing a taste with the tongue, -Cognizing a touch with the body, Cognizing an idea with the mind, does not take the sign or the details. To one abiding uncontrolled in the faculty of the mind, evil demerit, of covetousness. and displeasure may trickle down. To its control he feels, protects the faculty of the mind. Thus the bhikkhu dress wounds. 5. Bhikkhus, how does the bhikkhu make smoke? Here the bhikkhu, explains the Teaching to others as he has learned and experienced, Thus the bhikkhu makes smoke. 6. Bhikkhus, how does the bhikkhu know the ford: The bhikkhu approaches learned bearers of the Teaching and Discipline, who know the headings, from time to time, to question and cross question, to know the meanings. So that those venerable ones would explain the hidden meanings and would dispel doubts. Thus the bhikkhu knows the ford. 7. Bhikkhus, how does the bhikkhu experience joy? In the Teaching and Discipline declared by the Thus Gone One the bhikkhu experiences meanings, in the Teaching and the resulting joy from it. Thus the bhikkhu experiences joy. 8. How does the bhikkhu know the paths. Here the bhikkhu knows the noble eightfold path as it really is. Thus the bhikkhu knows the path. 9. How is the bhikkhu clever in finding pastures? Here the bhikkhu knows, as it really is, the four establishments of mindfulness. Thus the bhikkhu is clever in finding pastures. 10. How does the bhikkhu make no mistake of not leaving a reminder? Here the bhikkhu accepts robes, morsel food, dwellings and requisites when ill, offered by householders out of faith, knowing the amount to accept. Thus the bhikkhu makes no mistake of not leaving a remainder. 11. How does the bhikkhu not pay attention to the forefathers of the Community. Here the bhikkhu attends with bodily actions of loving kindness, verbal actions of loving kindness, and mental actions of loving kindness, towards the leaders of the Community. Those with a long standing and needing special attention. Thus the bhikkhu attends to the forefathers of the Community. It is possible that the bhikkhu endowed with these eleven characteristics should come to growth and development in this Teaching and Discipline. (Majjima Nikaya, MahÄ gopÄ laka sutta Vol.i,4,3)As well as most famous venerable chulla panthaka’s story also mentioned that the Buddha only teaches the way to get rid of Samsara. Because in that story mentioned chulla panthaka there also learn in self motivation. Not only that story Kisa gothami, Patachara , Khema, stories also mentioned Buddha saw the only way of getting rid of that Samsara for those people. According to above mentioned statement illustrate self motivation is most important thing to understand the Buddhist teaching. In Dhammapada which is Most famous as Handbook of the Buddhist also mentioned some kind of motivation facts in their verses. The glory of him who is energetic, mindful, pure in deed, considerate, self-controlled, right-living, and heedful steadily increases. (Dhammapada 24) By sustaining effort, earnestness, discipline, and self-control let the wise man make for himself an island, which no flood overwhelms. (Dhammapada 25) Indulge not in heedlessness; have no intimacy with sensuous delights. Verily, the earnest, meditative person obtains abundant bliss. (Dhammapada 27) Heedful amongst the heedless, wide awake amongst the slumbering, the wise man advances as do a swift horse, leaving a weak guard behind. (Dhammapada 29) Even as rain does not penetrate a well-thatched house, so does lust not penetrate a well-developed mind. (Dhammapada 14) Though little he recites the Sacred Texts, but acts in accordance with the teaching, forsaking lust, hatred and ignorance, truly knowing, with mind well freed, clinging to naught here and hereafter, he shares the fruits of the Holy Life. (Dhammapada 20) Make haste in doing good; check your mind from evil; for the mind of him who is slow in doing meritorious actions delights in evil. (Dhammapada 116) Should a person commit evil, he should not do it again and again; he should not find pleasure therein: painful is the accumulation of evil. (Dhammapada 117) Should a person perform a meritorious action, he should do it again and again; he should find pleasure therein: blissful is the accumulation of merit. (Dhammapada 118) The flickering, fickle mind, difficult to guard, difficult to control – the wise person straightens it as a fletcher straightens an arrow. (Dhammapada 33) As a conclusion Buddhist teaching for motivation basically mean self motivation. It is helpful to the people to fulfil their aims and goals certain. â€Å"attï‚Å'hi attano nï‚Å'to- kohi nï‚Å'to parosiyï‚Å'† hoping someone’s help is useless. Because of that we can get only help from ourself. If someone can think like that he absolutely attains his goals without any barriers.